Nicotine Essay -- Cigarettes Addiction Tobacco Papers

Nicotine Cigarette smoking has been known for years to impair health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed to smoke in various ways such as by damaging the lungs and circulatory system. Nicotine, present in mainstream and sidestream smoke, is believed to be one of the most toxic components of tobacco. In 1994, David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA, launched an attack on tobacco companies, claiming they deliberately increased nicotine levels in cigarettes. Nicotine has been shown in various experiments to induce tolerance in smokers by its effects on the CNS and dopaminergic receptors. David Kessler believes nicotine to be addictive and desires the FDA to regulate nicotine as any drug such as cocaine. If the agency can prove that nicotine is addictive and that the manufacturers of tobacco products have control over the levels of nicotine in their products, the road is open to regulating cigarettes. Although there have been some experiment that disprove nicotines adverse effects, most studies point to nicotine as a very toxic agent. Nicotine is not essential to tobacco products. It is a naturally occurring slightly basic alkaloid with a pyridine and a pyrrolidine ring. It is estimated that the average smoker inhales with each puff, a dose of nicotine equivalent to .1mg nicotine given intravenously. Nicotines pKa is 9. Its half-life is two hours. Nicotine is converted to its metabolites by the P450 enzyme system and by aldehyde oxidases. Nicotine and its metabolites, such as cotinine, Nnitrosomornicotinine (NNN), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanone (NNK) are toxic to humans. As is shown in P4, many people in the United States smoke. The average mg of nicotine per cigarette has declined in the United States in the1980... ... of Epidemiology.124.633-640(1986). 23.Maritz et al. The Influence of Maternal Nicotine Exposure On the Interalveolar Septal Status of Neonatal Rat Lung.Cell Biology International.18.747-754(1994). 24.Rajini et al. Short-Term Effects of Sidestream Smoke On Respiratory Epithelial Cells of Mice: Cell Kinetics.Experimental and Applied Toxicology.22.405-410. 25.Maritz et al. Nicotine Exposure: Responses of Type II Pneumocytes of Neonatal Rat Pups. American Journal of Pathology.82.124-136(1992) 26.Joad et al. Intrauterine Effects of Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Exposure On Lung Function, Hyperresponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine Cells In Rats.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.132.63-71(1994). 27.US Surgeon General(1982) The Health Consequences of Smoking - Cancer.US Public Health Service PHHS.(PHS) 82-50179, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Purpose of Art Essay

The quote â€Å"Anyone who says you can’t see a thought simply doesn’t know art† by Wynetka Ann Reynolds. Reynolds is saying in this quote that you need some thinking or imaginations to see or do art. I think, If someone can’t see and figure that out, how can he draw or write music ? . In this quote Reynolds is saying that the purpose of art is thinking, like an imagination, imagination is the true inspiration of art. Without imagination we can’t have art. Also without imagination other items like philosophy itself cannot exist. The Art needs imagination or thinking. Art Should need imagination, for example, young children draws something unexpected, interesting even surprising for old peoples point of view, because they have lot of imaginations. Like they draws about speaking birds, talking dogs, those imaginations will give them more inspiration which eventually led them to be creative. A photographer must imagine what the end result will look like before snap the picture. Writer must imagine what his reader will see or comprehend when they have finished reading the article. Musician, whether creating a musical piece or plying an existing piece, must imagine what the music looks and sound like, and what those who hear it will hear, see and feel. Any form of art MUST involve imagination. Imagination is used in all aspects of life. Every inventor, artist, doctor, architect, â€Å"all people† use imagination. You have to be a creative thinker to produce anything. Which did not exist before It takes vision, imagination and intelligence to implement a new concept. The Artists should use imagination to talk or express their thought. Without imagination art itself cannot exist, it just will be one of copying thing without creativity.

The Effects Of Alcohol On The Drinking Culture Of America

Throughout the eighteen hundreds saloons were the site of rockus drinking, profane drunkards, and unthinking violence. This drinking culture was defined by masculinity and by free flowing alcohol that permeated all throughout America, city to city. The saloons became so popular with working men because it was time they could spend away from their wives and their homes. In Catherine Murdock’s book Domesticating Drink she argues that these elements of saloon culture, exclusivity, inebriety, and violence, were eliminated by the increase in popularity of mixed sex speakeasies, cocktail parties, and the overall domestication of drink. But this conclusion misinterprets the history of alcohol from Prohibition to the present. Although alcohol is now consumed without the exclusively of the past, it has evolved to be over sexualized and associated with a masculine culture of binge drinking over sexualized and domestic violence. The domestication of drink did allow women to integrate int o the drinking culture of America and allowed women to join the drinking population if they choose to drink. Murdock was correct in saying that the exclusivity of the all male saloon culture crumbled in the nineteen teens and onwards into the twenties, thirties, and forties. One of the most important transitions was that alcohol became far more prevalent in the household setting (165). The rise of cocktail parties gave women an opportunity to drink that was â€Å"softened-feminized enough to remove its mostShow MoreRelated Alcohol and its effects Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol is a large part of American culture. All over the United States drinking is not only acceptable but a social norm from teenagers to adults. This is not only the case in the U.S., but all over the world, where some drinking ages are 18 and 19 years of age. In America specifically, alcohol has been around for centuries and is a large part of many social gatherings. Although this is the case now, in th e early 1900’s during the prohibition period, all alcohol was banned and deemed illegal toRead MoreDrinking Culture and American Social Norms1318 Words   |  6 PagesSPEECH #3 – PERSUASIVE SPEECH Name: DANIEL C. DILIGENT Title: Lowering the Legal Drinking Age Specific Purpose: To argue in favor of lowering the minimum legal drinking age in the United States. Thesis Statement: I will discuss 1) the current legal drinking age, 2) the effect that this drinking age has upon American social norms, and 3) the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. I. INTRODUCTION A. Hook: Alcohol is ever-present in today’s American society. Television viewers are constantly bombardedRead More Drugs and Alcohol Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Drugs and Alcohol For nearly 85 years, the government has prohibited pscychoactive drugs. American leaders attempted to do the same to alcohol with Prohibition in the 1920?s. In any society, drug use plays a part in the people?s culture. Whether it be a native taking hallucinogens for a religious ceremony, a destitute alcoholic drinking on a city street, or a group of teenagers smoking marijuana, drugs and alcohol have the same effects in any culture. The question of ?why do people use drugs? hasRead MoreAlcohol And Its Effects On Psychological And Physical Levels1212 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is integrated into every part of American society, from the media to basic social interaction. Alcohol is so ingrained into culture that it has become an indication of status, a declaration of membership, a gender-based choice, and a rite of passage (SIRC, 2014). Adolescents growing up in an environment in which alcohol is so prevalent are bound to experiment, and this has become an expectation. However, dri nking impacts minors negatively on psychological and physical levels, and early useRead MoreAlcohol Is The Biggest Killer Of Young People1566 Words   |  7 Pagesoften associated with Russian culture, Guinness dark stout beer is the drink often associated with Irish culture. This culture is often known for heavy drinking and friendly pubs. Irish whiskey such as Jameson is proudly consumed and exported. Alcohol is the biggest killer of young people in Ireland and many are impacted by their parents drinking. One person dies every seven hours due to alcohol in Ireland. Nine out of ten public order crimes in Ireland are alcohol related and one tenth of the healthRead MoreThe Drinking Age Of 211520 Words   |  7 PagesThe drinking age in America should be lowered from 21 to 18. At 18, someone in America is legally considered an adult, and they can indulge in things that are potentially far more harmful than alcohol. Under certain circumstances, alcohol has already been permitted for people under the age of 21. Furthermore, the drinking age of 21 is ineffective because people between the ages of 18 to 21 are still drinking regardless. However, this drinking often takes the shape of dangerous binge drinking. ManyRead MoreProhibition and the Effect on America756 Words   |  3 Pagescontrol alcoholism in America. I chose to do prohibition because the fact that the action taken by the federal government in order to form a better society has led to an explosion of criminal offences in the past as well as today. The effects of prohibition consistently offer a hand in the shaping of American culture. Full-fledged black markets and organized crime groups both offset the supposed benefits of prohibition. Today, teenagers often turn to the underage consumption of alcohol to make them seemRead MoreThe Causes of Prohibition (America 1920s)848 Words   |  4 PagesWhy was prohibition introduced in America in the 1920? When federal prohibition was introduced in America with the 18th Amendment to the constitution in 1919 and the Volstead Act in 1920, it was often termed ‘The Nobel Experiment’. It didn’t take long for most people to recognise that the experiment had gone terribly wrong and that it was fostering what it was supposed to eradicate, crime, excess and corruption. But the question is why it was introduced in America in 1920 and to understand this issueRead More absolut Failure Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesimplemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. â€Å"It was an attempt to promote Protestant middle-class culture as a means of imposing order on a disorderly world†(Dumenil 226). However, this goal of keeping social order through not consuming alcohol, was not reached during the years of prohibition, or even the years following it. Alcohol use among Americans did decline, butRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age to 18 May Help Reduce Binge Drinking1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe debate of the drinking age has been long discussed throughout America. The drinking age has been 21 for the last 22 years, and people around the country have wondered weather or not this was the right call. People say that 18 year olds may not be mature enough to drink alcohol and might not know when to stop. It isn’t that teenagers don’t know how to stop, but rather have not been properly taught when enough has been consumed or how to drink responsibly. Changing the drinking age from 21 to

The Violence Of The State Of Pennsylvania s Ethnic...

Luis Ramirez and his girlfriend are enjoying a quiet evening at Shenandoah Park on July 12, 2008, after hanging out with friends. That night the two ran into six drunk high school football players in the woods after leaving a party. The six men started to shout racial slurs toward the two, which later turned into a physical altercation, six against one. Derrick Donchak, one of the defendants, beat Ramirez with a thick piece of metal. At the same time, Donchak’s teammate continued to kick Ramirez in the head as he laid on the ground. As the beating continued, all six men screamed: â€Å"This is Shenandoah. This is America. Go back to Mexico.† Unfortunately, Ramirez died two days after, due to injuries sustained during the altercation (Lopez, 2012). These six men were charged as adults, while three of them, Piekarsky, Donchak, and Walsh were charged with homicide and ethnic intimidation. The state of Pennsylvania’s ethnic intimidation statute is defined as â€Å"t he intention to commit any act, the commission of which is motivated by hatred toward the race, color, religion, or national origin of an individual or group of individuals† (Lopez, 2012). As the trial proceeded, the prosecution had witnesses testify against the defendants as well as a retired police officer who heard the racial slurs against Ramirez. Donchak was identified as the person who punched Ramirez and Piekarsky as the one who kicked him by multiple individuals including the four other teammates. Donchak andShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Is Becoming Worse And More Documented With The Use Of Cell Phones1399 Words   |  6 Pagesapplied in the context of causing physical harm, it may also involve psychological harm through the use of intimidation tactics beyond the scope of officially sanctioned police procedure. To begin with, let s start with the police officers who commit the crime of abuse. Cops feel like they are superior and no one can stop them. If there are no witnesses to see the commit a crime, it s the victim s word against the officer. Cops are indicted in less than 1% of killings, but the indictment rate for CitizensRead MoreRacial Discrimination in America During the 1920s2416 Words   |  10 PagesThe motto of the United States of America is E Pluribus Unum meaning ‘Out of one, many. It neatly recognises that although America may be a single nation, it is also one originally made up of immigrants who arrived not only from Europe and Asia, but forcibly as slaves from Africa and of Native Americans. Its population is the most racially and culturally diverse in the world and for that reason is often referred to as a Melting Pot. br brDuring the 1920s, racial tensions in American societyRead MoreHate Crime And Mass Shootings Essay4636 Words   |  19 PagesAmerica s Greatest Threats: Domestic Terrorism, Hate Crimes and Mass Shootings I. Introduction Executive Order 13224 on Terrorist Financing under the guidelines of the United States (U.S) National Emergency Act (Pub. L. 94-412) went into effect on September 24, 2001 by President George W. Bush and remains active, for the reason that President Barak Obama, kept the order in an uninterrupted state of emergency throughout his presidency. Due to the guidelines of the statute, national state ofRead More Gangs and Violence in California Essay3549 Words   |  15 PagesGangs and Violence in California This paper was done in response to an article that I came across in which a child was convicted as an adult for homicide. The homicide was supposedly gang-related; the young child that was only 14 years of age was painted as an entrenched gang member. This article made me think what contributed to this situation and how it can be eradicated from today’s society so this will never happen to any of our youth. 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Regarding to the world narcissism and pornography are...

Regarding to the world narcissism and pornography are affecting Americans. Due to the fact that the top negative things associated with YouTube is making it a more negative influence on society than positive. This is becoming a negative impact on children and young adults. In today’s society, war porn is one of the main things that are affecting Americans. They think that War Porn started from the mentally ill people. The writer Jessica Ramirez says, â€Å"Critics of war porn says it dehumanizes the enemy and does not provide the context necessary to understand the psychological aspects of war† (1). She is stating that the War Porn is changing enemies to the aspects of war. In addition, War Porn became popular with images in Vietnam. She also†¦show more content†¦Chinese man decided to send a video to YouTube for safety about how he confirmed his dramatic escape. Furthermore, Mr.Chen called Mr.Wen to punish the government. The researcher said, â€Å"In the You Tube video, Mr.Chen called on Mr.Wen to punish government and police officials† (2). He claimed it had made his life a misery during the 19 months he spent under house arrest. In America, there has been negative pornography and narcissism. Individuals are trying to stop child pornography. A newspaper source states, â€Å"The profits need to work closely with credit carol companies to track where and when money is exchanged for child pornography† (1). Police are trying to track when money is exchanged for child pornography. Moreover, they are finding out child pornography is a serious form of abuse, and the victims are increasingly even younger. They stated, â€Å"In last year’s Japanese cases the majority of victims were middle ad primary school students. In poorer countries, the victims are increasingly even younger child pornography is a serious form of abuse† (2). Victims were a majority of middle school students and had a serious form of abuse. There a re also a lot of students that are more narcissistic today. A lot of college students are necessities today. Sharon Jayson said, â€Å"College students say social networking makes them more narcissistic today† (1). A majority of 1,068 college students said when asked about narcissism in a poll on social networking sites. Furthermore,Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Research1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe research topic is selected, the testable research question is developed, research on the topic is found, the literature review is completed, and a decision is made on the research design. Now, one of the most important steps in the research process to accomplish is the collection of data. Notwithstanding the research project and whether the method of research is whether qualitative or quantitative, data must be collected. Data collection is essential whether the method of choice is a mailRead MoreResearch Methodology For The Research1255 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction In doing the research, the methodology must be appropriate so that the analysis findings could reach the objective. Research methodology proposed one procedure in order way to be follow to answer all the questions in the research that want to be made. Quoted by Denzin and Lincoln (1994), methodology is a process that related with research objective and data. In the others word, it is early research planning that include the research scope, data collectionRead MoreResearch Methods And Methods Of Research975 Words   |  4 PagesStudying research method was not a new experience since I have studied about it in my under graduate school. 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Review the literature- Locate resources, i.e.; books, journals, electronic resources; select resources-determine the relevant resources for the topic; organize; Summarize the resources in a literature review (Creswell). 3. Specify a Research Purpose – Identify the purpose statement-theRead MoreResearch Design For Criminological Research931 Words   |  4 PagesCritically assess the use of ‘triangulation’ in research design for criminological studies. There has been an emergence in the use of triangulation in criminological research, in a bid to combine two methods to ensure the validity of the research. As a result, the use of triangulation is recommended as good practice for any criminological research (Maruna 2009); as no single method can produce a comprehensive account of the study under research (Bryman 1988). 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Gabons political economy free essay sample

Gabon, a potential place for costumers 4 2009, still in the pursue of Green Gabon 15 Why does Gabon need costumers ? 8 Bibliography 16 The ecologic bet of 2002 10 Fatima Coleman Costumers, an opportunity for Gabon? African Political Economy May 8th Professor Marmosets Secondary Story Headline Final Project With its 800 kilometers of coastline, its 13 national parks which are home to species unique to Ga and more than 400,000 years of archaeological and cultural history, Gabon has all the key ingredients to becoming a destination of choice or costumers. Tourism, nowadays, is one of the biggest sectors of activity in the world, first source of employment. Costumers, contrarily to mass tourism which degrades natural habitats, is part of a sustainable development perspective. Sustainable development is according to the Broadband report a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Therefore, costumers is directed towards exotic environments often threatened, with the objective to support the efforts of conservation and the observation of nature. Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of the local people (The International Costumers society 1990) Costumers must meet certain criteria Preservation of biodiversity and its functions, through the protection and the restoration of ecosystems The respect of cultural diversity and its ties to the environment The revenues and the profits from costumers must directly benefit the population in the regions concerned The promotion and the encouragement of sustainable development by providing employment to the local and aboriginal populations. Educate the travelers in acquiring corruptibilitys Sustainable development is a development model that conciliates ecology, economy and social and establishes a virtuous circle between these three poles: Its a development that is economically efficient, socially equitable and ecologically sustainable. What are the advantages of adopting costumers ? Economic advantages The idea that we generally have of costumers is a marginal activity intended to finance the protection of environment. This idea is purely incorrect given that costumers is also a meaner to generate revenue and it has become a driving sector in overall national economies. For example, in Costa Rica, Central America, the reference for costumers, its the first source of income. Its also the case in Madagascar and Kenya in Africa. Currently, costumers is the sector with the fastest growth within tourism. For example in France, the first tourist destination in the world with 70 millions of tourists per year according to the WTFO , has the Forest of Fontainebleau as one of most visited attraction. The economic success of costumers, contributes to other national development projects, such as health centers or schools ND to the overall improvement of the quality of life of local communities with an important Job creation close to the tourist sites. A primordial aspect is therefore to ensure that the income generated by costumers participates in sustainable development. In conclusion, costumers constitutes a way to Costumers and cultural approach benefit the local populations and the protected areas. It is part of sustainable development At the cultural level, tourism can be the cause strategy in which natural resources can be of change in local communities. Power released as tourist attractions thou causing actions become unbalanced between tourists any harm to natural areas. However, governing the locals, It either causes cultural ornaments are not able to realize this on their own Sino or conflict between both parties. However- and often associate with Nags that support ere, costumers offers another alternative con- the conservation of the environment to manage kerning this cultural change. And protect natural areas. Gabon, an incredible potential for costumers Due to their ecological value, protected areas, especially those situated in tropical areas, present a large number of the most important Egotistic attractions of the World. Those attractions can be due to particular species of fauna or flora which are endemic, or also to nigh index to species diversity, or unusual geomorphology formation or great historical or cultural events that are unique to a natural context. Central Africa, which possesses the second biggest rain forest of the World, true lungs for the Earth , is a paradise for botanists and zoologists. Its therefore an exceptional destination for costumers. We are going to examine what are the characteristics that provide Gabon with its uniqueness in the field of costumers. Paradise for biodiversity Gabon, the Last Eden National Geographic 2007 Flora Gabon is covered by more than 80% of the equatorial forest and holds an extremely rich fauna and vegetation. Its one of the rare countries in the world where nature has remained close to its state of origin in spite of forest exploitation and commercial hunt. Gabon appears as a treasure for environment because of the patrimony inside the forests. Animal species are numerous and varied and over 20% of the plant species are found nowhere else on earth. Besides, the country benefits from the lowest population density in Africa, allowing to preserve the authenticity and the perversity of its ecological wealth. We are going to explore the incredible biodiversity of Gabon Gabon is among the rare tropical countries where the pressure of the forest is relatively low. Since the creation of the Harrier National in 1983, more than 15000 species have been collected, more than 19000 have been described. Among them approximately 19% have been categorized as endemic. More generally, Gabon is a place where multiple varieties of habitats coexist, such as : 0 primary forest Swamp forests Littoral forests Mangrove vegetation Savannah Revering forests Gabon is situated in the most species-rich zone per unit surface in Tropical Africa. Fauna Sawbones fauna is one of the most diversified and richest in Africa with more than 150 mammal species. Here is an overview: There is the largest population of untouched elephants known in Africa (Lodgment African cyclists) with more than 80000 individuals, half of it are in the Nibble region. Gabon is an important sanctuary for primates with 19 species, including gorillas and chimpanzees. We also find among the mammal, many protected species such as buffaloes, panthers, hippopotamus, manatees, bush pigs etc.. The fauna also remains diversified with more than 600 species of birds. The inventory of terrestrial reptiles records 65 species, including crocodiles, turtles, monitor lizards and snakes. The leatherback turtles, an endangered species realizes her reproduction in Gabon Finally, several species of fish are known in Gabon. Called the country of the giant fish with barracudas, big Jacks, red carps, sharks, whales etc.. It constitutes an incredible potential for fishing. Cultural wealth Diverse ethnically heritage Gibbons first inhabitants were the pigmy population, They are know for their hunting, rest gathering habits as well as their heights (adults have an average height of 1 centimeters) There is insufficient information about Gibbons population until the 13th cent ury when the pygmies started being decimated and replaced with the arrival of Bantu tribes. Among the 40 Bantu tribes in Gabon, the major ethnic groups are the Fangs, Ashier. Emblem and Joanne. Only a small percentage of Sawbones live in the cities, the rest of the population is concentrated in the costal zones and the villages along the rivers. There is no major conflict between the different ethnic groups in Gabon, We observe an important umber of interesting marriages , Although there are many languages, only French remains the official language, the language of quotidian communication, The large majority of the population is Christian, spread between Catholics and Protestants. Besides there are animistic religions such as bit, the most The Sawbones people are proud of the prosperity of their country and are very spiritual. Each ethnic group has ceremonies for births, deaths, initiations Tribal art : mask from the pun tribe Gabon has one of the largest collection of masks found in the continent Many environmental Nags are present in Gabon Environmental Non-governmental organizations play an important role in the development and management of costumers in Gabon. We count approximately 15 national Nags that intervene in the field of environment such as EDEN, Brain forest and Croissants seine environment. There are also International Nags involved in conservation . The most important in regards of projects are World Wide Fund (WFM) and the Wildlife Conservation Society ,both present in Gabon since 1985 . The Coffee project is invested in the durable management of natural resources in Central Africa. Its an example of a successful cooperation with the countries of Central Africa to ensure the sustainability of protected areas and to guarantee a future for the people living in tropical areas. What is the role of environmental Nags in Gabon? Nags serve as educators and as an important source of information and technical expertise in the conservation field. They associate with the administrators of protected areas and with the local community, often rejected of the tourism industry , in order to establish a solid egotistic program. The role of Nags in the costumers domain is stop the degradation of the natural environment of Gabon and build a utter where the Sawbones will live in harmony WI TN the nature. To realize t objective, they focus on two areas of activity. Biodiversity Footprint We are going to focus on the example of the involvement of WFM in the Manlike Forest. Biodiversity Ensure that the wildlife remains safe and dynamic for future generations. They focus strategically on the conservation of threatened areas and endangered species that are particularly for the conservation of Gibbons rich biodiversity. For example, WFM considers the Nibble forest as key area for the animals found there given the impact of the human activity that exists there. The Nibble national park and the surrounding forests are considered among the most intact in Africa. A WFM educator and his students in the Nibble forest close to the Vivian river The second focus, is to reduce the negative impacts of human activity , our ecologic footprint . Nags make sure that the natural resources essential to live, such as water and air, are managed in a sustainable and equitable manner. For example, WFM suggests some solutions to the problems associated with mining activities and poaching encountered in the Nibble . WFM worked with the government and the private sector to reduce he effects of the opening of the iron mine of Belling exploited by a Chinese mining company. Gabon is listed as one of the most prosperous countries in Sub-Sahara Africa with the highest HID and 3rd highest GAP per capita in the region. When we record the economic performance of Gabon, we notice that the revenues of oil production have maintained the economy for the past decades after oil replaced forestry as a driving factor of growth, right after the first oil boom of 1973. Therefore, the dependence on non-renewable resources is evident in Gabon. On the other hand, we also note that poverty is strongly present in the country with a large part of the population living in precarious conditions and a high income inequality present since independence. We get to the conclusion that Gabon is a typical example of the resource curse with the inclusive nature of oil extraction and the mismanagement of revenues it often leads to. Only diversification of the economy to other sectors can help reach higher economic performance , ensure a sustainable development and a better future for the population . Not every Sawbones benefits from the oil revenues: Approximately the 20% wealthiest of Gabon receive t the income. There is a large gap between Sawbones elite which enjoys a luxurious lifestyle and the significant proportion of the population which still lives with less than 2 dollars a day and doesnt have access to adequate lighting and potable water despite the massive oil revenue. The fact that the majority of the Sawbones population is hurt by the oil exports instead of benefiting from it is due to Gabon is the third larger producer and exporter of the resource curse paradox . Indeed, resource rich crude oil in Sub-Sahara Africa countries tend to encounter stagnant growth and The oil sector has accounted for 78% of the exports, corruption is often a consequence of the inclusive 38% of the GAP and 45% of governments revenues trait of oil extraction because oil money tends to in 2010. Corrupt politicians who end up putting their interests first rather than thinking of ways to invest in their countrys long term prosperity. Because the oil money goes directly to the government revenues, governments are not dependent on tax income and therefore are not constrained to do what the citizens want. An example to describe this phenomenon is the degree of corruption that exists in Gabon. Bongo System Omar Bongo Indaba, president of Gabon from 1967 after the death of Gibbons first president Leon Mba, and held the power for 41 years until his death in 2009. He conserved his regime for so long by maintaining prosperity and peace in Gabon but also by cultivating the support of his surrounding elite to whom he spread the oil wealth . The elite is particularly members of his clan, government and the PEG, unique Sawbones political party. French Journalists have recently made a documentary about Ill acquired goods, denouncing the numerous bank accounts, uxorious residences and car the past president owned all over the world in contrast with the miserable situation of many Sawbones. We could continue to describe the level of corruption that massive oil revenues have created in Gabon but the essential idea to remember here is that oil production necessitates expertise and savoir-fairer so not everyone can participate in this activity, therefore it doesnt create employment . Also the high revenues generated from it encourages a system of corruption that only benefits a certain elite who also happens to hold the power in the country. The stakes of power become very high and the well-being of the population is not a priority anymore. Finally, others sectors of the economy are neglected because oil money becomes sufficient in government revenues and doesnt create incentives to develop other economic activities. Economists call this phenomenon the Dutch disease and define it as the decline/non-existence of the manufacturing sector associated with the discovery of an enriching natural resource. In conclusion, in Gabon, although the revenues generated from oil extraction helps raising the GAP, it doesnt benefit the population because it has not social betterment ND doesnt Bennett t the economy because it doesnt encourage gar A residential neighborhood and a popular neighborhood in Libreville, the capital city How can costumers improve the situation in Gabon? The oil deposits in Gabon are expected to be exhausted. Since oil revenues represent a considerable part of Gibbons GAP, it is urgent that other alternatives are taken, preferably one that is sustainable and wont run out after a certain amount of time. Weve established that costumers is an activity that fits in a sustainable development logic so it is socially equitable while being economically efficient. It creates employment as tourism in general requires a development of the service sector . Indeed costumers activities needs tour agencies and guide services, lodges and private reserves as well as such satellite activities as crafts industries and transportation and food services. It can even get the local populations living around the protected areas to be involved and directly benefit from the welfare it creates. More generally, tourists come with money to spend and that money creates Jobs and incomes to households. Because Gabon already has a potential for costumers , it should exploit its potential o overcome the resource curse. To keep intact its natural resources, , Gabon has started very early to initiate both at national and international level, actions for their conservation In the ass, Gabon has put under its protection the Massif Forrester of Monday and subsequently other sites such as the Sabina arboretum rich in various plant and animal species. This commitment is further manifested between the ass and the ass with the creation of several research institutes. For example, Institute for Research in Tropical Ecology (RET) and Institute of Pharmacy and Traditional Medicine (EPHEMERA). The Project of the 13 National parks Aware of global issues in 1972 in Stockholm, and with a still very unique and virtually untouched environment, the President of the Republic, His Excellency El Had] Omar Bongo Indaba, has decided to continue on a large scale, in the year 2000, the census work of Sawbones ecosystems. With the support of Sawbones scientists at the National Center for Scientific and Technological Research and Nags such as WFM and WAS, an ecosystem mapping was carried out throughout the country. In 2000,Mike Fay, an American of WAS, achieved with the support of National Geographic, a very difficult raid 440 days, 14 months in the rainforests: the Monstrance. Hundreds of kilometers on foot from northern Congo to the Atlantic beach Gabon, without ever leaving the forest, crossing some of the most pristine and wild areas of the planet. With the results of the census, and inspired by the great adventure of Mike Fay, and stunning images of National Geographic photographer Nick Nichols, President Omar Bongo Indaba decided to change the course of the management of natural resources in Gabon .

Principles of Management free essay sample

1. Why was the succession of Ursula Burns to the top position at Xerox considered historic? It was considered historic because Ursula M. Burns was the first African-American woman to lead a major U. S corporation and she also was the first female CEO to take the reins from another woman. During those times it was hard for a woman to get a job and it was even harder if she was a minority. Further, she succeeded another woman, Anne Mulcahy, who was one of the very few women to head a major U.S. corporation. (George, 2011) 2. Why are there so few women and minority CEOs of large corporations? There are so few women and minorities CEOs in large corporations because they haven’t gotten past the fact that they don’t look like their role models who are the people they look up to. What they should be doing instead is start to focus on the similarities they have with the white male executives. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If they focus on that they will see that they are the same as their white-male coworkers.Another reason why there are so few women is because many large companies have maintained their traditional beliefs that business men look better in suits. Furthermore most people tend to promote others who are like them and since then white men have dominated the corporate executive suites it’s no surprise to see that even today white men still dominate the corporate world. (George, 2011) 3. What steps have managers at Xerox taken to effectively manage diversity? What are the consequences of these initiatives?Since the 1960’s’ Xerox has made use of its employee similarity networks where representatives of minority groups would represent the interests of those groups to senior management. The network provided women and minorities the chance to display their leadership capabilities to upper management. Xerox also has performance reviews that rate managers on their capabilit y to employ, guide and promote underrepresented groups. The consequences of these initiatives are Anne Mulcahy who is a celebrated female CEO and now Ursula Burns who is a historic female African-American CEO. (George, 2011)